īy about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River, where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara.
In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishermen was replaced by a grain-grinding culture. There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in desert oases.
Second row: a diorite vase, a flint knife, a cosmetic palette. First row from top left: a Badarian ivory figurine, a Naqada II jar, a Bat figurine. Unrest after the 2011 revolution and related disputes led to the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Morsi's imprisonment and the election of Abdel Fattah al-Sisi as president in 2014.Īrtifacts of Egypt from the Prehistoric period, from 4400 to 3100 BC. The Egyptian revolution of 2011 deposed Mubarak and resulted in the first democratically elected president in Egyptian history, Mohamed Morsi. Recent Egyptian history has been dominated by events following nearly thirty years of rule by the former president Hosni Mubarak.
This later led to the Egypt–Israel peace treaty. He led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967. His successor, Anwar Sadat (president from 1970 to 1981) changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political, and economic tenets of Nasserism, re-instituting a multi-party system and launching the Infitah economic policy. His terms also saw the Six-Day War and the creation of the international Non-Aligned Movement. The modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953, and with the complete withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956, President Gamal Abdel Nasser (president from 1956 to 1970) introduced many reforms and created the short-lived United Arab Republic (with Syria). British occupation lasted until 1954, with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954. While a de jure independent state, the United Kingdom retained control over foreign affairs, defense, and other matters. After the end of World War I and following the Egyptian revolution of 1919, the Kingdom of Egypt was established. However, Khedivate Egypt fell under British control in 1882 following the Anglo-Egyptian War. Starting in 1867, Egypt became a nominally autonomous tributary state called the Khedivate of Egypt. In 1517, Ottoman sultan Selim I captured Cairo, absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.Įgypt remained entirely Ottoman until 1805, except during French occupation from 1798 to 1801. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt, parts of Egypt became provinces of successive Caliphates and other Muslim dynasties: Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), Abbasid Caliphate (750–935), Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1260), and the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). Roman rule in Egypt (including Byzantine) lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD, with a brief interlude of control by the Sasanian Empire between 619 and 629, known as Sasanian Egypt. The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt, resulting in Egypt's becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the short-lived Macedonian Empire, which gave rise to the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, founded in 305 BC by one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. Predominantly native Egyptian rule lasted until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BC.
Among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the Great Pyramid of Giza.Īncient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first king of the First Dynasty, Narmer. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stone. The history of Egypt has been long and wealthy, due to the flow of the Nile River with its fertile banks and delta, as well as the accomplishments of Egypt's native inhabitants and outside influence.
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